The lightning interaction with CFRP composites involves multiple complex processes, such as arc attachment, high-pressure shock waves, electromagnetic forces, and Joule heating. These processes progress through distinct phases: lightning leader development, arc attachment, surface streamers, internal ablation, and heat dissipation. During the arc attachment process, the surface electrical conductivity of CFRP plays a crucial role in dissipating lightning currents across the surface. Subsequently, the internal conduction paths and resulting Joule heating depend on the composite’s dynamic behavior. The anisotropic dynamic electrical conductivity of CFRP composites directly influences the patterns and severity of lightning-induced damage. Importantly, the accuracy of numerical simulations of lightning damage on CFRP composites depends on accurate characterization of these dynamic electrical conductivity properties.