This Chapter examines the definitions and value implications of the refinement of poverty alleviation. The concept of refinement of poverty alleviation represents a new academic attempt of this book. It was shaped by combining poverty alleviation and refinement, but key lies in how to combine them and define the concept. This book defines the refinement of poverty alleviation as follows: Identify in a refined manner poverty in multiple dimensions of poor people and, through government leadership and social participation, satisfy in a targeted manner needs of poor households or individuals in terms of income support, access to health care, and rights protection, with the intention of eliminating integrated or multidimensional poverty, guaranteeing poor people’s subsistence and improving their quality of life and ability to shake off poverty.