The efficiency of vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS) is a crucial factor in their widespread adoption particularly in the face of increasing energy costs and environmental concerns. This study examines the potential of GO/ZnO nanocomposites to improve the performance of R600a refrigerant in VCRS. The performance metrics such as Cooling Capacity (CC), Coefficient of Performance (COP), Power Consumption (PC), and Pull-Down Time (PDT) were analyzed under varying nanocomposite concentrations and mass charges. The results reveal that GO/ZnO nanocomposites significantly improve the thermal and energy efficiency of refrigerant. At a concentration of 0.6 g/L and a mass charge of 90 g, the CC improved by 23.33%, while the COP exhibited a peak enhancement of 35.71% at the optimal 80 g charge. Furthermore, PC decreased by up to 18.75%, and PDT was reduced by 41.67%, indicating accelerated cooling performance. These improvements are attributed to the high thermal conductivity and superior dispersion properties of the GO/ZnO nanocomposites, which promote efficient heat transfer and reduce viscous losses. The results paved the use of GO/ZnO nanocomposites for developing energy efficient and environmentally friendly refrigeration systems.