Sustainable agriculture involves farming techniques that maintain production, efficiency, and profitability over time without depleting natural resources or harming the environment. The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasize the need to ensure food security (SDG 2), address climate change (SDG 13), and protect and sustain terrestrial ecosystems (SDG 15) by 2030. Geology plays a crucial role in agriculture by influencing soil formation, fertility, and water availability. However, few studies have explored the relationship between geology and agriculture. This study aims to identify challenges in the agricultural sector and propose how geological science can address these challenges to achieve sustainable agriculture. The research involved a literature review conducted through Google Scholar, using the keywords “geology” and “agriculture.” The study revealed a close link between the agricultural sector and SDGs 2, 13, and 15, underscoring the need to address agricultural issues relevant to these goals. These issues include ensuring an even distribution of staple crops across all regions, selecting crop locations and types that can withstand climate related disasters such as floods and droughts, and expanding agricultural land without causing soil degradation. Addressing agricultural challenges through geological science requires the collaboration of multiple stakeholders, including the community and the government. For example, in Indonesia, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Geological Agency, and farmer groups must work together to develop policy recommendations that promote sustainable agriculture.