The demand for high-performance materials in the aerospace field has been promoting the development of advanced material technology and driving the research and application of new materials constantly. Graphene is a new type of two-dimensional carbon nanomaterial, which has attracted a lot of attention due to its excellent physical properties in recent years. When graphene is mixed with other materials, the physical properties of the materials will be significantly enhanced and obtain some new functions simultaneously. This makes graphene-based composites show great potential applications in the aerospace field. This review introduces the basic properties of graphene, and focuses on the research progress of graphene-based composites in structural engineering materials, thermal management systems, electromagnetic shielding, aircraft de-icing and anti-icing, energy storage and composite propellants, etc. With the continuous development of technology, graphene-based composites are expected to improve the overall performance of aerospace equipment and satisfy the needs of lightweight, high-strength, high-performance materials. By introducing the research progress of graphene-based composites in the aerospace field, we discuss its current technical challenges and possible application prospects, which can provide a reference for the development of new aerospace equipment in the future.