Sea ice disasters and ship icing problems can result in significant economic losses and pose a serious threat to navigation safety. The physical properties of seawater play an important role in the formation of sea ice and the accumulation of ship ice. In order to study the formation mechanism of sea ice and ship icing, this paper employed experimental research to analyze the influence of each component of an artificial seawater solution on the physical properties, which are related to seawater icing. According to the composition of seawater, this study prepared salt solutions with different component and artificial seawater solutions. The solutions were subjected to a series of systematic measurements, including density, viscosity, static contact angle, and so on. These measurements were carried out using a range of techniques, including the oscillating tube method, the falling ball method, and the seated drop method, among others. Furthermore, this paper compared the physical properties of NaCl solutions and artificial seawater solutions with equal concentrations. It also compared the static freezing and melting process of droplets of the two solutions on a flat plate, using high-speed photography. The results demonstrate that NaCl component exerts a dominant influence on the physical properties of the artificial seawater solution. And the relationship between density, viscosity coefficient and salinity and temperature can be fitted by formula. The physical parameters of the equal concentration NaCl solution and the artificial seawater solution have little difference, and the static freezing and melting process of droplets of these two solutions are nearly identical. The results indicate that the NaCl solution can serve as an appropriate substitute for the artificial seawater solution in the investigation of the physical properties, static freezing and melting phenomena of saline waters. The equivalent replacement of NaCl solution can facilitate the study of seawater icing problems, and the measured physical parameters can serve as a data set for the simulations of seawater icing.