This research takes the B737 aircraft as a case study. Based on the mathematical model of the microburst wind field and the longitudinal dynamic model of the aircraft, numerical simulations are carried out under the conditions of calm wind, and light, moderate, and severe microbursts respectively. Through a quantitative analysis of touchdown point offset, velocity fluctuations, and variations in flight-path angles, the mechanism by which the wind field affects the landing process of civil aircraft is unveiled. Simulation data indicates that the touchdown point is around 2466.6 m in calm wind condition. In contrast, under light, moderate, and severe microburst scenarios, it is approximately 2668.1 m, 2660.9 m, and 2615.1 m respectively. Concurrently, the flight-path angle decreases from around − 3° to − 6°, − 8°, and − 11°. The findings suggest that in the headwind region, the aircraft gains additional lift, causing its trajectory to ascend. Conversely, in the tailwind region, a rapid decline in airspeed and an increase in the Rate of Descent lead to a notable deviation of the touchdown point. This study provides a scientific foundation for pilots to anticipate wind-field interference and promptly adjust operational strategies during microburst events.