Phononic crystal is a structure with periodic composite materials that can prevent the transmission of elastic waves, band gap characteristics, and has good vibration and noise reduction properties. This article proposes a composite material phononic crystal based on Bragg scattering mechanism, and proposes a new composite material periodic structure by arranging the unit cells periodically. By studying the energy band diagram of the phononic crystal unit cell and the transmission characteristic curve of the composite material periodic structure, the vibration and noise reduction characteristics of the structure are studied. The band gap calculation method of the phononic crystal is derived using finite element theory and Bloch’s theorem for periodic structures. Based on the above theoretical analysis, the bandgap and transmission characteristic curves of composite periodic structures are calculated through numerical simulation. Finally, the noise reduction performance is analyzed using multi physics field coupling, and the influence of material and main structural parameter changes on vibration reduction and noise reduction effects of periodic structures is explored. Through design analysis, it is concluded that the periodic structure of composite materials has superior vibration and noise reduction effects compared to the periodic structure of a single material.