Shakarkandi, or sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), is a nutrient-dense root crop that is well-known for its cultural significance, adaptability, and resilience. It is grown all over the world in tropical and subtropical climates and is an essential source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, carbohydrates, and bioactive substances. With a total national productivity of 11.67 MT ha−1, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh are the top-producing states in India. The crop is valuable for both human nutrition and animal feed because sweet potato tubers are high in starch (27%), sugars (3–6%), and carotenoids (up to 20 mg/100 g), while the leaves are high in protein (4%) and micronutrients. Its high vitamin A content, low glycaemic index, and antioxidant qualities support the immune system, enhance vision, and a lower chance of developing chronic illnesses. In addition to its role in food security, sweet potatoes have a variety of uses in processed foods, the production of starch and bioethanol, and traditional fasting customs. In Hindu culture, in particular, they are associated with prosperity and good health. As a climate-resilient crop that supports sustainable agriculture and nutritional security objectives, it can flourish in marginal soils in drought-prone and resource-constrained environments. The biological, nutritional, and cultural aspects of sweet potatoes are highlighted in this review, reinforcing their reputation as ‘The Nutrient-Rich Root of Resilience’.