Poverty and economic inequality violate human dignity and undermine social and health goals. Health and ill-health are influenced not only by biological factors but also by a series of other upstream factors, such as social attainments that impact poverty. There is growing evidence that supports a link between poor mental health and the experience of poverty and deprivation, whether at the individual level or nationwide. The feature of poverty is more prominent in lower-middle-income nations, including South Asians. Eradicating poverty in all its forms is the top priority among the 17 SDGs. Concerning the SDGs progress in the South Asian region, this chapter has examined the relationship between poverty and mental health and broadly examined the factors contributing to the mental health. Looking into the multidimensional nature of poverty and ways it impacts mental health, inclusive policies and programs are needed to address poverty and maintain the population's mental health.