This chapter concludes that while China’s vocational education reforms over the past decade have effectively alleviated skilled labor shortages and sustained industrial competitiveness, the ultimate success of workforce upskilling depends on whether industry-level coordination on skills development can be effectively institutionalized. The key distinction between the Chinese and German models lies in what the book terms the “coordination structure”: whereas Germany relies on autonomous employer associations to set sector-wide skill standards and ensure the balance between general and firm-specific skills, China’s system remains fragmented across individual school–firm partnerships. This fragmentation reflects a deeper institutional dilemma: without sector-level coordination, reforms oscillate between overly generic training, and excessively firm-specific programs which tend to undermine skill transferability and workers’ long-term employability—a limitation that may impede the scalability and resilience of China’s skill formation system and thus its long-term industrial upgrading reform.