Of all the complications post–liver transplant (LT), biliary complications account for a major morbidity, roughly estimated to be around 10 to 30%. These complications are encountered more frequently in patients of a living-donor LT compared to a deceased-donor LT. Notable complications encountered commonly include biliary strictures, bile leakage or biloma, biliary stones, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, while hemobilia, bile casts, and retained foreign bodies account for minor events post-transplantation. Endotherapy has been evolving rapidly and has come a long way in mitigating these complications. With advancement in endoscopic techniques and refinement of the procedure, the outcome and the success rate have been consistently reaching up to 80%. With regard to ductal reconstruction, conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) remains the preferred initial treatment; however, in endoscopically challenging cases like Roux-en-y reconstruction or complex hilar strictures, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography becomes the preferred modality. Novelities in the endoscopy methods such as the rendezvous technique, peroral cholangioscopy, and magnetic compression anastomosis, coupled with advancements in stent design and structure, have largely improved the outcome of endoscopic management. This chapter aims to concisely discuss the current state of endoscopic treatment of post–LT biliary complications and enlist both the existing and the emerging techniques.

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Role of Endotherapy in the Treatment of Post–Liver Transplant Biliary Complications

  • Kalpana Acharya,
  • Vikas Singla

摘要

Of all the complications post–liver transplant (LT), biliary complications account for a major morbidity, roughly estimated to be around 10 to 30%. These complications are encountered more frequently in patients of a living-donor LT compared to a deceased-donor LT. Notable complications encountered commonly include biliary strictures, bile leakage or biloma, biliary stones, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, while hemobilia, bile casts, and retained foreign bodies account for minor events post-transplantation. Endotherapy has been evolving rapidly and has come a long way in mitigating these complications. With advancement in endoscopic techniques and refinement of the procedure, the outcome and the success rate have been consistently reaching up to 80%. With regard to ductal reconstruction, conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) remains the preferred initial treatment; however, in endoscopically challenging cases like Roux-en-y reconstruction or complex hilar strictures, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography becomes the preferred modality. Novelities in the endoscopy methods such as the rendezvous technique, peroral cholangioscopy, and magnetic compression anastomosis, coupled with advancements in stent design and structure, have largely improved the outcome of endoscopic management. This chapter aims to concisely discuss the current state of endoscopic treatment of post–LT biliary complications and enlist both the existing and the emerging techniques.