The rapid growth in population and industrialization has significantly improved human living standards, but it has also led to considerable environmental degradation. A major concern resulting from this expansion is the increasing presence of organic contaminants in ecosystems. These toxic pollutants cause long-lasting damage, including biomagnification, environmental persistence, endocrine disruption, and carcinogenic effects, all of which pose significant threats to both ecosystems and human health. In response to these challenges, there has been increasing attention toward innovative methods for efficiently removing organic pollutants from water and wastewater. Typically, toxic organic compounds undergo physical, chemical, or biological treatments to break them down or neutralize their toxicity before being released into the environment. This chapter delves into advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), a physicochemical approach designed to reduce environmental pollution, with a particular focus on the electrochemical oxidation process using highly active metal-oxide electrodes. Both early and recent studies have evaluated the effectiveness of electrochemical methods in decomposing organic contaminants in wastewater. Modern treatment techniques often involve advanced nanocrystalline electrodes such as PbO2, SnO2, boron-doped diamond (BDD), Pt/carbon felt, ZnWO4 film electrodes, and various Ti-based electrodes, including SnO2–Sb, BDD, RuO2, and Pt. The chapter also examines promising alternative electrode materials for electrochemical oxidation processes in treating organic wastewater. This method offers numerous advantages, including cost-effectiveness, environmental compatibility, energy efficiency, flexibility, and automation potential, positioning it as a highly promising solution for tackling pollution-related issues.