In the past few decades, water pollution has become a matter of concern not only for the scientific community but also for the common man. For the sake of a more comfortable lifestyle, the advancement of technology has led to rapid anthropogenic revolution in the industries, resulting in the discharge of effluents from industries into the water bodies. The discharge of untreated water from several industries, including textile, leather, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and mining, has been one of the sources of numerous persistent organic and inorganic pollutants, including heavy metals such as Cd2+, Pb2+, As(V), Hg2+, Co2+, Cr (VI) etc. in aquatic ecosystem consequently leading to severe environmental and public health issue. The rationale behind this is that the bio-magnification of these persistent and hazardous pollutants in the living body is responsible for severe health concerns. The present literature systematically organizes the utilization of adsorbent-supported advanced metallic Nanocomposites for the mitigation of these anthropogenic pollutants from wastewater. The agenda of this chapter is to elaborate on polymer-based Nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes/metal/metal oxide nanocomposites, graphene/graphene oxide, and chitosan-based nanocomposites, the most recent and advanced nanostructured materials for efficient removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater.