This chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to emergency drinking water supply vehicles, essential for delivering clean and safe water during emergencies and disaster relief operations. Firstly, it describes the functions, features, and application scenarios of these vehicles, including classification aspects. Secondly, the chapter details the structural principles and key components, supported by explanatory diagrams. The overall design considerations are discussed, including the determination of main parameters, vehicle layout, and component design. Testing and inspection protocols are presented, highlighting specialized performance assessments and inspection rules. Finally, the chapter covers guidelines for vehicle selection and reviews current development trends in emergency water supply technology.