[Failure of audit] Analyses of audit societies usually began with consideration of financial auditing due to its episodic history. For example, LUCKY COFFEE Inc. received a delisting notice from the NASDAQ due to “public interest concerns” related to “fabricated” transactions disclosed by the company in its annual report (Market Watch news, “Luckin Coffee to resume trading Wednesday after being halted for more than a month”. See online: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/luckin-coffee-to-resume-trading-wednesday-as-company-receives-delisting-notice-2020-05-19 (Visited on 20 March 2020)). The story began with a research company, called “Muddy Water Research” that declared that the LUCKY COFFEE company was involved in financial fraud and published a report that the company took a short position on February 1, 2020 (Sina Financial news, “Luckin coffee audit failure”. See online: https://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/usstock/c/2020-02-01/dociimxyqvy9432584.shtml [Translated by author.] (Visited on 22 March 2020)). Then, on April 3, financial auditing firm Ernst & Young (EY) stated that evidence of fraud was found, as managers of the LUCKY COFFEE company increased incomes, costs and expenses during the period from the second quarter to the fourth quarter of 2019 (Ibid). Twenty years ago, the giant business group Enron collapsed because of financial fraud. For professional caretakers, the auditing company Anderson failed to detect financial problems that led to the bankruptcy of EY. Compared with the disappointing disasters that had previously occurred, EY stood p this time by publishing a report disclosing the fraud and refusing to provide opinions on the audit results (Ibid). Since the growth of the audit industry in the late 1920s, the revenue of audit firms has transferred from audit affairs to consulting affairs, and some auditors have become sellers for the consulting services of their own firms (Power, supra note 10 in Chap. 1 at 121). The independence of auditors has diminished, and the effectiveness of audit systems has been questioned by a variety of scholars (Ian Dennis, Auditing Theory (Routledge, 2015) at 13). This book aims to investigate the similar question: if Muddy Water Research never made a big deal about the actions of the LUCKY COFFEE company, would EY have had enough motivation to investigate the company as a short seller? Based on existing audit schemes in the financial sector, this book tries to answer the question of whether audits can be considered as an efficient system for providing accountability and control for personal data protection. Regulatory governance is the organized attempt to manage risks or behavior in order to achieve a publicly stated objective or set of objectives; a regulatory system consists of the set of interrelated actors who are engaged in such attempts and their interactions with one another and the dynamic institutional and organizational environment in which they sit. As part of governance system, deconstructing the audit involved anatomized each element of the process to gain a deeper understanding of its purpose, goals, and outcomes. The purpose of an audit always comprises an independent and objective assessment of an organization’s statements, records, transactions, and operations. The goals of an audit are to identify and mitigate risks, ensure compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, and provide stakeholders with accurate and reliable financial information. The outcomes of an audit may include recommendations for improvements in internal controls, risk management, and financial reporting, as well as potential legal and financial consequences for non-compliance. This book notes that audits seem to be used to deliver everything regarding accountability, while the exact meaning of an audit remains unclear. Is audit a ritual for using the “complexity approach” to tackle another complex situation?