In pursuing sustainable and environmentally acceptable energy solutions, biopolymer-based materials have emerged as attractive options for energy storage applications. Eco-friendly biomass-derived biopolymers and other natural materials have attracted a lot of interest as a replacement for conventional petroleum-based materials, given the constantly increasing environmental issues caused by synthetic substances. Biopolymers are an emerging class of innovative materials with a wide range of applications and features, including great sustainability and tunability. Biopolymer applications are defined in terms of energy storage devices, specifically supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. This chapter focuses on the development, characterization, and application of biopolymer-based macro, micro, and nanocomposites, with a focus on their ability to reduce environmental footprints. In the last part of the chapter, the focus will be on recent challenges and future research directions, emphasizing the potential of biopolymer-based materials to contribute to more sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions.