As therapeutic approaches evolve to meet the growing demand for more precise and effective treatments, biopolymers have emerged as versatile materials with great potential across a variety of medical applications. This chapter emphasizes the crucial role of biopolymeric materials in advancing therapeutic strategies, with a focus on areas like drug delivery systems, regenerative medicine, cancer therapy, and vaccine development. Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and adaptability, engineered biopolymeric materials are promising alternatives to conventional therapeutic approaches by overcoming limitations such as inadequate drug targeting, low bioavailability, and adverse side effects. This chapter aims to explore the advancements of biopolymers in therapeutics, highlighting innovations such as targeted nanocarriers, smart drug delivery systems, and engineered tissues. Additionally, it reviews cutting-edge techniques like electrospinning and 3D bioprinting for processing biopolymers, while also addressing emerging areas such as artificial cells and organs-on-a-chip. This chapter shows the potential use of biopolymeric materials in modern therapeutics and underscores the need for continued research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.