Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), with its historical roots spanning over two millennia in China, has been systematically employed in addressing both substance-related and behavioral addiction disorders. Empirical evidence suggests that TCM exhibits significant therapeutic potential in rehabilitating physiological impairments induced by chronic substance abuse, including but not limited to immunomodulatory effects, cognitive enhancement (e.g., working memory improvement), and neuroprotective properties. Given its promising efficacy in relapse prevention, contemporary research posits TCM as a viable future alternative for opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment. This comprehensive review critically evaluates the pharmacological mechanisms and clinical applications of bioactive Chinese herbal compounds and formulated prescriptions in the treatment of drug dependence (e.g., opioids), alcohol use disorder (AUD), and compulsive eating behaviors, thereby elucidating their integrative role in addiction medicine.