With the development of robot technology, transfer robots have gradually occupied a major position in various industries headed by the service industry, replacing manpower to complete the corresponding transfer work. Robot positioning and path planning through corresponding technologies are important prerequisites for transfer robots to successfully complete tasks. By understanding the principles and advantages and disadvantages of various technologies related to positioning and path planning, related technologies can be better improved. To this end, this article conducts the following research: For positioning technology, the principles and advantages and disadvantages of various commonly used and mature positioning methods such as GPS positioning technology, grid map positioning technology, and SLAM positioning technology are introduced and analyzed. At the same time, the improvement methods of some positioning technologies that have appeared in recent years are introduced to provide inspiration and methods for improving such technologies. For path planning algorithms, this article divides them into global planning and local planning according to the perception degree of different spatial obstacles of the algorithms, and introduces several very common algorithms in the field of transfer robots, such as fuzzy logic algorithm, A* algorithm and artificial potential field method. The principles and advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms are explained in detail with the help of charts, and the application scenarios of each algorithm are demonstrated through comparison, and the direction of improvement is proposed.