This study addresses the issues of high failure rates and high impurity levels in traditional corn harvesters by proposing an improved solution based on hydraulic principles. Through theoretical analysis and computer technology, a hydraulic drive system and intelligent control system were designed to enhance the stability, reliability, and operational efficiency of corn harvesters. The research selected a closed hydraulic circuit and optimized the design for header speed, feed rate monitoring, concave screen gap adjustment, and threshing drum speed. The results indicate that the improved system effectively reduces failure rates, increases harvesting efficiency, and improves grain integrity. This study provides an efficient and reliable corn harvesting technology solution for agricultural production, demonstrating practical application value.