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This study investigates how a robot’s physical appearance influences user perception of its movement behavior, with a focus on movement efficiency. Participants watched videos of three robot types—a humanoid (NAO), a non-humanoid AGV (Duckiebot), and an abstract spherical robot (BOLT)—each executing both efficient and inefficient trajectories. Across all embodiments, efficient movement led to higher user ratings of intelligence, competence, and agency. Bayesian analysis supported the interpretation that robot form did not moderate the effect of movement efficiency on social attributions. The results reinforce that movement, specifically efficient robot movements, plays a critical role in shaping user perceptions. These findings suggest that the design of purposeful and efficient behaviors may be more influential for perception than physical embodiment.

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It’s the Way You Move: Efficient Movement Shapes Robot Perception Across Embodiments

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Kristina Nikolovska,
  • Jan Pohl,
  • Bernhard Hommel,
  • Francesco Maurelli,
  • Arvid Kappas

摘要

This study investigates how a robot’s physical appearance influences user perception of its movement behavior, with a focus on movement efficiency. Participants watched videos of three robot types—a humanoid (NAO), a non-humanoid AGV (Duckiebot), and an abstract spherical robot (BOLT)—each executing both efficient and inefficient trajectories. Across all embodiments, efficient movement led to higher user ratings of intelligence, competence, and agency. Bayesian analysis supported the interpretation that robot form did not moderate the effect of movement efficiency on social attributions. The results reinforce that movement, specifically efficient robot movements, plays a critical role in shaping user perceptions. These findings suggest that the design of purposeful and efficient behaviors may be more influential for perception than physical embodiment.