Public goods are defined in legal systems and policy frameworks in connection to the role of the public sector in safeguarding or promoting public welfare. German law uses the notion of Gemeinwohl to define the ‘common good’ or ‘public welfare,’ encompassing the well-being of the community as a whole and guiding the provision and regulation of public goods and services. This concept emphasises the importance of collective interests over individual ones, ensuring that laws and policies are aimed at benefiting society at large, promoting social equity, and protecting essential resources for all citizens.