Human rights are fundamental freedoms that all individuals inherently possess, regardless of personal attributes, such as race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, and more (Vasak 1977; Wenar 2020). These rights are universal, meaning they apply to everyone, and inalienable, meaning they cannot be taken away under any circumstances. Human rights are intended to safeguard the physical integrity, dignity, liberty, and equality of all people, ensuring that every individual is treated with respect and fairness. Physical integrity refers to the protection of a person’s body from harm, injury, or unwanted interference, ensuring their safety and security. The key principles of human rights include equality, non-discrimination, and respect for individual dignity. These rights encompass a wide range of areas: civil and political rights (e.g., freedom of speech, right to a fair trial); economic, social, and cultural rights (e.g., right to education, right to work); and collective rights (e.g., the right to self-determination) (UN 2025). Human rights are enshrined in international treaties, such as the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN 1948), and upheld by numerous national and international bodies, ensuring their protection and promotion worldwide.