The Development Plan for Building a Strong Education Country (2024–2035) outlines the imperative to enhance mechanisms for identifying and nurturing exceptional innovative talents, emphasizing the cultivation of innovation skills, and bolstering science education to develop core competencies. Recent years have witnessed significant transformations in science and innovation education, driven by the digitalization of education and revisions to basic curricula. This has led to the establishment of practical approaches for science and innovation education in primary and secondary schools, characterized by technology integration, scientific application, and diverse teaching methods. Notably, science and innovation education in Chinese primary and secondary schools demonstrate three key features: the seamless integration of cutting-edge technology to enhance scientific literacy, innovative teaching models such as project-based, inquiry-based, and game-based learning yielding remarkable outcomes, and collaborative initiatives between districts and schools fostering a novel ecosystem for science and innovation education. This review systematically examines these practices to offer insights for advancing the high-quality development of science and innovation education.