The precision of drug therapy has garnered significant attention for enhancing disease treatment at the individual patient level. Monitoring therapeutic drugs—such as anticonvulsants, antimicrobials, cardioactives, antidepressants, and antineoplastics—is essential to ensure safe and effective administration. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) focuses on understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs, as these factors critically influence drug activity at the target site. Mismanagement of these parameters often leads to underdosing or overdosing, which can be detrimental to patient outcomes. TDM plays a crucial role in risk assessment, improving drug efficacy, and providing actionable insights for optimized disease management. In this chapter, we explore the integration of nanobioelectronics into TDM, emphasizing the incorporation of bioreceptors and advanced nanomaterials. The unique properties of functional nanomaterials and nanoscale fabrication techniques enable the customization of sensors to meet specific monitoring requirements. Nanobioelectronics offer innovative solutions for real-time, high-sensitivity drug monitoring, enhancing the precision of therapeutic interventions. We discuss current strategies for the application of nanobioelectronics in TDM, highlighting advances in nanoscale material engineering and sensor design. Additionally, we address the challenges associated with these approaches, such as scalability, reliability, and regulatory considerations. Finally, this chapter examines future perspectives, emphasizing the potential of nanobioelectronics to transform TDM practices and contribute to precision healthcare through enhanced drug monitoring and individualized treatment plans.