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Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a sustainable alternative to traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA) used in road construction, operating at significantly lower temperatures, between 30 °C and 140 °C. The use of WMA brings several benefits, including reduced energy consumption, lower emissions, and enhanced worker safety due to decreased exposure to high temperatures and harmful fumes. In the current study, three warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures were developed, using by-products derived from cashew shell oil and combination of wax-chemical agents. The primary aim was to check the efficacy of these WMA mixtures in terms of workability and performance characteristics. Two bitumen blends, cashew shell nut liquid (CSNL), bitumen by adding 2.5% CSNL, and wet bond (WB), bitumen blend with 0.5% WB concentration, were made. WMA mixture designs were formulated by varying the dosages in the range of 0.25%, ranging from 4.75% to 6.0%. Each of the WMA mixtures was evaluated by conducting tests such as indirect tensile strength (ITS), rapid rutting, fatigue resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The optimum binder content (OBC) was determined to be 5.5%. The ITS test, conducted, revealed the tensile strength ratio (TSR) to be 91.04% for WMA, 92.61% for CSNL, and 89.6% with WB. The fatigue life ratio for CSNL and WB improved by 17.56% and 3.3%, respectively, when compared to WMA. UPV tests were carried for the mixtures, resulting WMA to show 3399 m/s, CSNL—3852 m/s, and WB—3688 m/s, reflecting good quality and uniformity. Also, FTIR analysis indicated changes in aliphatic chain samples, which show shifts in the wavenumber areas corresponding to functional groups such as C-H stretching (2800–3000 cm−1), C=O stretching (1700–1750 cm−3) and C–O stretching (1050–1300 cm−3), thereby potentially enhancing the performance characteristics of the binder. WB-WMA mixture demonstrated promising results when compared to traditional WMA mixes, and CSNL has proven to be an effective and resource-efficient alternative to conventional fillers in WMA mixtures, enhancing pavement performance.

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Laboratory Investigation of Warm Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using Wet Bond and Cashew Shell Nut Liquid

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • R. Kushaal Raj,
  • Siddaraju Sunil,
  • G. Shiva Kumar

摘要

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a sustainable alternative to traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA) used in road construction, operating at significantly lower temperatures, between 30 °C and 140 °C. The use of WMA brings several benefits, including reduced energy consumption, lower emissions, and enhanced worker safety due to decreased exposure to high temperatures and harmful fumes. In the current study, three warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures were developed, using by-products derived from cashew shell oil and combination of wax-chemical agents. The primary aim was to check the efficacy of these WMA mixtures in terms of workability and performance characteristics. Two bitumen blends, cashew shell nut liquid (CSNL), bitumen by adding 2.5% CSNL, and wet bond (WB), bitumen blend with 0.5% WB concentration, were made. WMA mixture designs were formulated by varying the dosages in the range of 0.25%, ranging from 4.75% to 6.0%. Each of the WMA mixtures was evaluated by conducting tests such as indirect tensile strength (ITS), rapid rutting, fatigue resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The optimum binder content (OBC) was determined to be 5.5%. The ITS test, conducted, revealed the tensile strength ratio (TSR) to be 91.04% for WMA, 92.61% for CSNL, and 89.6% with WB. The fatigue life ratio for CSNL and WB improved by 17.56% and 3.3%, respectively, when compared to WMA. UPV tests were carried for the mixtures, resulting WMA to show 3399 m/s, CSNL—3852 m/s, and WB—3688 m/s, reflecting good quality and uniformity. Also, FTIR analysis indicated changes in aliphatic chain samples, which show shifts in the wavenumber areas corresponding to functional groups such as C-H stretching (2800–3000 cm−1), C=O stretching (1700–1750 cm−3) and C–O stretching (1050–1300 cm−3), thereby potentially enhancing the performance characteristics of the binder. WB-WMA mixture demonstrated promising results when compared to traditional WMA mixes, and CSNL has proven to be an effective and resource-efficient alternative to conventional fillers in WMA mixtures, enhancing pavement performance.