Effective resource management plays a crucial role in ensuring the timely and cost-effective execution of road development projects, particularly in regions with complex geographical and economic conditions such as Nepal. This study explores the key factors influencing resource distribution and optimization in Nepalese road construction initiatives. Through a comprehensive literature review, 42 influencing factors were identified and categorized into six major groups: manpower, materials, and equipment (internal factors), and topography, geology, and environment (external factors). A structured questionnaire was administered to construction professionals involved in Nepal’s public road sector. Using Spearman’s rank-order correlation in SPSS 22, the study assessed the strength of relationships among these factor groups and their impact on resource planning, allocation, and project outcomes. Findings reveal that geological and material factors exert the strongest influence on effective resource allocation, while environmental and geological factors significantly contribute to delays and cost overruns. The results underscore the necessity of early-stage planning that integrates both internal capabilities and external environmental constraints to improve efficiency. The study offers practical insights for project planners and policymakers aiming to enhance resource optimization and reduce project delays in infrastructure development.