This chapter delves into the complex interplay between nutrition and neuroinflammation, highlighting the significance of dietary patterns, essential nutrients, and the gut-brain axis in maintaining brain health and the underlying mechanisms contributing to neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia and astrocytes, play crucial roles in neuroinflammatory responses by releasing cytokines and chemokines, which can compromise blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, resulting in immune cell infiltration and neuronal damage. Nutritional elements like omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants like vitamins C and E, and phytochemicals such as polyphenols, are pivotal in regulating neuroinflammation. Dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean and ketogenic diets, have demonstrated efficacy in reducing inflammation and promoting cognitive health. The chapter further examines the influence of specific nutrients on neuroinflammation, emphasizing the roles of vitamins D and B, essential minerals like magnesium, and amino acids. It also addresses nutritional interventions for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, focusing on dietary strategies and supporting clinical evidence. Moreover, the Impact of lifestyle factors, especially the differences between Western diets and traditional dietary patterns, is explored for their effect on neuroinflammation. Finally, the chapter identifies current research trends and future directions, aiming to enhance our understanding of nutrition’s role in brain health and disease management.