This chapter focuses on the theoretical characteristics and historical significance of Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, analyzing the pivotal role this early work played in the development of Marx’s thought and its profound influence on later generations. Through a critical examination of the capitalist mode of production, Marx profoundly reveals the deprivation and oppression faced by laborers in capitalist society, identifying alienated labor as the core contradiction of the capitalist system. The theoretical distinctiveness of this work lies in its organic integration of philosophy, economics, and social critique, transcending traditional philosophy’s abstract speculation about human beings and redefining the human essence from the perspective of social practice and material production. The analysis of alienation in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 extends beyond alienated labor to encompass the comprehensive alienation of human relations with nature and among individuals, laying the ideological foundation for Marx’s later theories of social history. From a historical standpoint, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 provides an initial framework for critiquing capitalism while also establishing a theoretical prototype for the future development of scientific socialism. The publication and study of Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 offer crucial insights into understanding the formation and evolution of Marx’s thought, making it an indispensable classic text for interpreting his intellectual system.