This chapter elucidates the comprehensive establishment of Marx’s materialist view of history, marking the complete transformation of his thought from early humanist theories of alienation to a scientific historical outlook. Marx identifies material production as the starting point for historical analysis, emphasizing the study of “real individuals” and their material activities. Delving into the internal dynamics of the production process, he uncovers the dialectical relationship between productive forces and production relations, demonstrating that productive forces determine social conditions, while the development of division of labor leads to private property and class antagonisms, transforming labor into an oppressive force. Marx abandons the explanation of social contradictions through the “alienation of the human essence,” instead tracing the roots of alienation to the division of labor and private property, arguing that only by abolishing forced division of labor and private property can human emancipation be achieved. On the issue of human development, he emphasizes that the goal of communism is to eliminate class antagonisms and spontaneous division of labor based on highly developed productive forces, enabling individuals to achieve free and comprehensive development within a collective. Marx ultimately establishes a scientific historical outlook grounded in material production, revealing the structure of society and the laws of historical development, thereby providing a solid theoretical foundation for proletarian revolution and human liberation.