Derailments, human mistakes, and signal failures cause railway accidents that still seriously endanger public safety and infrastructure worldwide. Many nations have therefore implemented Automatic Train Protection (ATP) systems to offset these dangers. This article emphasizes Kavach, an indigenous ATP system created by Indian Railways that combines real-time monitoring, artificial intelligence (AI), and emergency controls. The study looks at the technological foundations of Kavach, the main reasons for railway accidents, and how well ATP devices stop them. Kavach’s performance and cost-efficiency are highlighted by a comparative study with worldwide systems like the European Train Control System (ETCS) and the UK’s Train Protection and Warning System (TPWS). The study also looks at infrastructure improvements and policy projects such Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK). In conclusion, the investigation offers strategic suggestions for the expansion of ATP coverage and the establishment of India as a global leader in railway safety innovation.