Chitosan (Ch)-based nanoparticles have shown significant promise for targeted gene delivery in recent cancer treatment studies. Because of its remarkable qualities, chitosan is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that is perfect for delivering therapeutic genes. The exact transport and controlled release of genes are made possible by these nanoparticles’ ability to react to certain stimuli, including pH, temperature and enzymes. These nanoparticles have shown efficacy in cancer treatment by delivering genes to tumor cells, hence decreasing the development of tumors. Using targeting ligands, encasing protective agents and modifying the nanoparticle surface have all increased the effectiveness of gene delivery. By boosting targeted delivery, decreasing off-target effects and selectively releasing genes in response to tumor circumstances, chitosan-based smart nanoparticles have shown potential in improving outcomes. Targeting ligands on the nanoparticles’ surface also improves their efficacy and absorption. These findings open the door to novel gene-focused cancer treatments, even if further research is necessary to refine the composition and structure of these particles in nanoparticle form and evaluate their long-term safety.