Knowledge, Attitude Towards Self-Health Care, and Breast Self-Examination Among Females in Pakistan: A Scoping Review
摘要
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women globally, with Pakistan bearing a significant burden. One in nine women in the country is at risk of developing breast cancer, yet awareness and practice of early detection methods, such as breast self-examination (BSE), remain limited. This scoping review explores the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes towards BSE and self-health care among Pakistani women, based on research published between 2015 and 2025. A thorough search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, yielding 12 studies that involved over 4080+ participants from both urban and rural areas of Pakistan. The findings reveal that while many women know BSE, only a small percentage know the correct technique. Although attitudes towards early detection are generally positive, cultural stigma, lack of education, and limited access to healthcare services impede the widespread adoption of BSE practices. Barriers such as fear of discovering a lump, societal discomfort, and limited access to female healthcare providers were identified. Despite significant awareness campaigns, knowledge translation into action remains low, especially in rural areas. This review highlights the need to integrate BSE education into school curricula, train female community health workers, and utilise mass media and mobile health technologies to overcome existing barriers. It concludes that while awareness is moderate, there is a pressing need for targeted efforts to address cultural taboos, improve education, and enhance healthcare infrastructure to encourage the consistent practice of BSE in Pakistan.