Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems, playing a critical role in supporting human well-being and contributing to achieving sustainable development goals. However, wetland degradation has become a global challenge, with increased flooding being a significant threat, especially in regions like Kuttanad in Kerala, India. This paper examines the socio-economic and physical-environmental vulnerabilities of Kuttanad, where livelihoods are deeply intertwined with the wetland ecosystem. The Kuttanad Wetland Ecosystem, recognized by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) in 2013 and listed under the Ramsar Convention in 2002, is facing rising flood risks, threatening local agricultural productivity and socio-economic stability. The central research question investigates how flood vulnerability impacts livelihoods in the Kuttanad region. To address this, both primary and secondary data collection methods were employed. A primary survey assessed socio-economic parameters such as household size, occupation, and wetland dependency, while secondary data included government reports and environmental records. Data were analyzed using statistical tools and GIS to map flood-prone areas using various physical-environmental parameters. The results show that 75% of households in Upper Kuttanad, 85% in Lower Kuttanad, and 94% in Kayal Land rely heavily on wetlands for their income, with these areas increasingly vulnerable to flooding. These findings underscore the need for sustainable wetland management and resilient agricultural practices to safeguard livelihoods and prevent further degradation.