This chapter explores the growing importance of Environmental Awareness and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) within the framework of citizenship education. ESD is increasingly recognized as a transformative approach to education that equips students with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary to address complex global challenges. By encouraging collaborative learning, creative problem-solving, and engagement with controversial sustainability issues, ESD fosters active participation, critical thinking, and systemic understanding. Sustainability issues are presented not just as content to be learned, but as powerful pedagogical tools that promote design thinking, systems thinking, and active citizenship. The chapter delves into the concepts of ecological and active citizenship, highlighting the ethical, social, and political responsibilities individuals hold toward their communities and the environment. It also introduces innovative teaching strategies—such as critical pedagogy, project-based learning, and experiential education—that help students explore real-world sustainability challenges. Finally, the chapter examines the intersections between global learning, citizenship education, and sustainable development, offering practical suggestions for pedagogical interventions that empower students to become agents of change in their schools and societies.