Disinformation and propaganda are not entirely new phenomena that emerged with digitalisation; they have always functioned as elements of governance and control in authoritarian societies and are also prevalent in liberal democratic democracies. Nowadays, powerful new technology makes the manipulation and fabrication of content easier and simpler. Digital social networks undoubtedly play a role in the spread and amplification of ‘fake news’, by freeing them from any spatio-temporal constraints. Within digital social networks, individuals are subject to the dynamics of influence, which shape opinions and worldviews. Fake news poses a significant threat to democracy as it undermines the trust in reliable sources of information, distorts public discourse and erodes the integrity of the electoral processes. They can be spread quickly through social media platforms, creating confusion and misinformation among the public, manipulate public opinion, sway elections and polarize communities, leading to a lack of consensus on important issues. It can also be used as a tool for propaganda and manipulation by those seeking to undermine democratic institutions. To combat the spread of fake news and protect democracy, it is crucial for individuals to critically evaluate the sources of information, seek out multiple perspectives and support trustworthy news organisations. Education policymakers have a responsibility to implement measures to combat fake news, such as promoting a critical media literacy in connection with citizenship education.