This chapter presents an overview of distributed and quasi-distributed optical fiber sensing technologies for structural health monitoring. In this case, the main focus is on the evaluation of the structural integrity of aircraft structures and composites. The Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) quasi-distributed sensing approach is presented as a feasible and straightforward method to measure multiple discrete regions along the aircraft with high resolution and small cross-sensitivity, whereas optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) approaches can be employed for distributed sensing along the optical fiber with sub-millimeter spatial resolution. In addition, this chapter also focuses on the use of new high-scattering optical fibers in which the core of such fibers is doped with engineered nanoparticles to increase the backscattering. Such approaches enable not only to extend the performance of current OFDR systems, but also to enable the development of new low-cost distributed sensing approaches using transmission and reflection analysis.