This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for risk management in the sustainable supplier selection of fresh produce in China. As concerns over food safety, sustainability, and supply chain resilience continue to grow, it is essential to identify and mitigate supplier-related risks. This study examines economic, environmental, and social risks in supplier selection by conducting a literature review and expert consultation, identifying eighteen key risk factors. The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) methodology is employed to assess the relative importance of these risks, which is then applied to a real case study at a fresh produce company in Sichuan, China. The findings offer valuable insights for businesses and policymakers, providing a structured approach to enhance supplier evaluation, minimize risks, and improve sustainability in fresh produce supply chains.