Photonic sensing devices are gaining significant importance across diverse fields, including medicine, healthcare, early disease diagnosis, agriculture, environmental monitoring and automotive industrial applications. Using light, it detects changes in the optical properties of a material influenced by the specific physical, chemical or biological parameter being measured. Photonic based sensor offers high sensitivity and specificity, fast response time, able to detect minor changes with high precision, non-invasive, non-destructive and provides real time monitoring and remote sensing capability features. Recent years there is a significant demand of rapid and accurate detection of biomarkers for disease diagnosis using miniaturized portable and wearable devices based on photonics sensors. This chapter explores various medical and biological sensing methods including surface plasmon resonance, optical fiber, photonic crystal, optical waveguide, integrated photonic and microwave photonic based sensors. It also highlights the challenges and limitations associated with photonic sensors, providing a comprehensive overview of their applications and the obstacles that need to be addressed for future advancements. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) in photonic sensors is revolutionizing by enabling highly accurate, fast and real-time data monitoring. The data from the sensors can further process and interpret using AI algorithms such as machine learning and deep learning models. By classifying and analysing periodic patterns of data based on previous events predictive model can be developed which correlates with particular health symptoms and provide early signs of diseases. The primary challenge in AI driven photonic sensors are data security and privacy. Despite this limitation, intelligent photonic sensors using AI offers high potential in developing advance medical biosensing devices for precise detection of critical diseases. Photonic crystal-based sensors with advanced modern technology is increasing rapidly by providing continuous monitoring of health, offering early disease diagnosis to provide good health for the growing population. Also, photonic based devices are able to monitor environment pollution by monitoring greenhouse gases, remote sensing to observe climate change and thus reducing carbon footprint which emits due to industrial gas emissions. Advanced 2D material-based sensors are often used to provide clean and green energy which are useful for energy harvesting and photonic based solar panels to increase the efficiency. By integrating AI with the photonic sensors, it is revolutionizing the current infrastructure by offering smart way of health monitoring the structures for industrial and medical applications.