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Menopause and its related symptoms among women in India remained neglected for decades because of cultural taboos (Nagaraj et al., 2021). It is only now that scholars from various streams have started studying social and psychological consequences of this natural biological process. The present study is an attempt to understand the burden and potential risk factors of menopausal symptoms among rural women of North India. A sample of 320 women ranging in age from 45 to 60 years were recruited in the present study following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Menopausal symptoms experienced by each subject in psychological, somatic, vasomotor and loss of interest in sex clusters were ascertained by applying Greene Climacteric Scale. Age at menopause was estimated by employing Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis, while level of physical activity of all the participants was evaluated by using MDRF scale. Qualitative data for comprehending socio-demographic variables and quality of life of the study participants is generated with the help of an open-ended interview schedule. All study participants are grouped into four subcategories i.e., pre-menopause, perimenopause, early postmenopause (0–5 years after menopause) and late postmenopause (6–10 years after menopause) as reported by them. All the statistical analyses were accomplished by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version-23. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) depicted statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) in the mean score of menopausal symptoms in all the clusters across four menopausal stages. Results revealed that ‘excitable’ (96.8%) followed ‘feeling tired or lacking in energy’ (95.6%) were the most frequently occurring menopausal symptoms, while breathing difficulties (45.3%) was the least common. The total score of Greene Climacteric Scale (TGS) revealed that women from the present study (TGS 34.13) are highly symptomatic. Multivariate Regression Analysis depicted that age (≥ 50 years), educational level and menopausal status are the potential risk factors for the severity of menopausal symptoms. Hence, generating menopause specific awareness among women, particularly from the rural settings is needed urgently to mitigate the double burden of aging as well as menopausal symptoms during midlife.

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Neglected Domain of Menopausal Health among Rural Women in North India: An Anthropological Exploration

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Maninder Kaur,
  • Raminder Kaur

摘要

Menopause and its related symptoms among women in India remained neglected for decades because of cultural taboos (Nagaraj et al., 2021). It is only now that scholars from various streams have started studying social and psychological consequences of this natural biological process. The present study is an attempt to understand the burden and potential risk factors of menopausal symptoms among rural women of North India. A sample of 320 women ranging in age from 45 to 60 years were recruited in the present study following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Menopausal symptoms experienced by each subject in psychological, somatic, vasomotor and loss of interest in sex clusters were ascertained by applying Greene Climacteric Scale. Age at menopause was estimated by employing Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis, while level of physical activity of all the participants was evaluated by using MDRF scale. Qualitative data for comprehending socio-demographic variables and quality of life of the study participants is generated with the help of an open-ended interview schedule. All study participants are grouped into four subcategories i.e., pre-menopause, perimenopause, early postmenopause (0–5 years after menopause) and late postmenopause (6–10 years after menopause) as reported by them. All the statistical analyses were accomplished by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version-23. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) depicted statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) in the mean score of menopausal symptoms in all the clusters across four menopausal stages. Results revealed that ‘excitable’ (96.8%) followed ‘feeling tired or lacking in energy’ (95.6%) were the most frequently occurring menopausal symptoms, while breathing difficulties (45.3%) was the least common. The total score of Greene Climacteric Scale (TGS) revealed that women from the present study (TGS 34.13) are highly symptomatic. Multivariate Regression Analysis depicted that age (≥ 50 years), educational level and menopausal status are the potential risk factors for the severity of menopausal symptoms. Hence, generating menopause specific awareness among women, particularly from the rural settings is needed urgently to mitigate the double burden of aging as well as menopausal symptoms during midlife.