Omics Applications in Invertebrate Immunology
摘要
Invertebrates form 97% of Earth’s total animal species, which are distributed across all ecological niches while completing crucial ecosystem functions, including pollination and both nutrient cycling and bioremediation (Giribet & Edgecombe, 2020). All invertebrates collectively maintain dominance of the ecological landscape despite their abundance, but they lack adaptive immunity like vertebrates and depend on cellular defense and humoral defense mechanisms as well as symbiotic microbial communities to protect themselves from pathogens (Palmer & Traylor-Knowles, 2022). As emerging pathogens, stress from climate change, and anthropogenic pollution grow, there is now a great need to understand invertebrate immune systems at molecular and systems levels. Modern omics technologies, including genomics and its subfields transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics led to a revolutionary development that allows researchers to conduct complete immune response assessments across different invertebrate species (Rosa et al., 2021). The solution of current global problems requires immediate utilization of omics technologies. The ocean is changing according to multi-omics data, which shows that coral reef-building organisms suffer impaired immunity when exposed to increasing ocean heat, triggering massive bleaching occurrences (Traylor-Knowles et al., 2023a, b). Analysis through transcriptomics within aquatic farming systems has discovered affected immune pathways in Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) when exposed to viral pathogens that researchers plan to use for creating new disease defense strategies (Li et al., 2022). The gut microbiome dysbiosis within honeybees (Apis mellifera) caused by pesticides has been documented by nanopore sequencing studies, which negatively affects their susceptibility to parasitic infections (Daisley et al., 2023).