Oceanography emerged as a formal scientific discipline in the late 19th century, marked notably by the HMS Challenger expedition conducted during the 1870s. This landmark voyage was instrumental in shaping the foundation of modern marine science, focusing on deep-ocean exploration, temperature profiling, chemical composition analysis, biological surveys, and seafloor characterization. As a multidisciplinary field, oceanography investigates the physical, chemical, and biological dynamics of the world’s oceans, which encompass nearly 70% of Earth’s surface. To conduct such investigations, researchers utilize a wide range of sophisticated marine technologies, including both autonomous surface platforms and underwater vehicles.