This chapter analyzes trends in height within Brazil, focusing on how economic, political, and regional factors influenced growth patterns across the country. The investigation also focuses on height inequality, examining height distributions and how occupational and regional disparities in stature evolved. Drawing on evidence from the Arquivo Histórico do Exército (AHEX) dataset, which is composed of over 19,500 military recruitment records spanning individuals born between the 1850s and 1950s, this study finds that living standards in Brazil improved significantly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries due to public health reforms and infrastructural investments. However, regional disparities persisted as the economic growth and state investments in public health drove early stature gains in the Southeast, while the Northeast lagged behind until the 1910s. Hence, the findings reveal the existence of “two Brazils,” characterized by stark regional disparities between the Southeast and Northeast. Overall, this investigation contributes to our understanding of Brazil’s long-term development of both progress and persistent inequality.