This chapter explores Saudi Arabia’s rise as a regional power amid shifting multipolarity. The Kingdom exemplifies how states translate military, economic, and ideological resources into strategic influence while managing multiple pressures. Since the mid-2000s, Riyadh has adopted an assertive foreign policy characterized by rivalry with Iran, military interventions, investment initiatives, and the use of Islamic leadership to promote national interests. Vision 2030 seeks to diversify the economy and reshape the country’s global image, while strengthening the authority of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. Yet, these changes raise questions about the sustainability of rapid modernization under a centralized regime and the risks of political overreach. The chapter argues that Saudi Arabia’s future global relevance will depend on managing its two key relationships, Iran and the United States, while navigating great power competition, reducing oil dependence, and maintaining internal stability. Ultimately, Riyadh’s influence is shaped by a tension between expanding ambitions and underlying fragility.