Currently, metal materials are the materials that are most widely used in 3D-printed prostheses, among which titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and tantalum metal are the most common. The advantages of these materials lie in their excellent biocompatibility and superior mechanical properties, making them the preferred materials for bone tissue repair and replacement therapy. In particular, 3D-printed metal prostheses can form a tight connection with host bone early on, leading to early “bone integration” and allowing the prosthesis to remain stable in the body for a long time, thus preventing revision or surgical failure due to prosthesis loosening and sinking. However, the elastic modulus of metal materials is usually significantly higher than that of normal cortical bone (3–30 GPa) and cancellous bone (0.02–2 GPa), making these materials prone to stress shielding issues due to mismatched elastic moduli at the implant-bone interface, which can affect the lifespan of the implant. Compared to metal materials, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) materials have mechanical properties that are similar to those of natural bone, and these properties effectively prevent stress shielding and bone absorption. Additionally, PEEK materials exhibit good chemical inertness, making them less likely to trigger rejection reactions in the body; thus, PEEK materials are considered ideal bone implant materials (Rendas et al. 2022). However, due to the unique characteristics of the 3D printing process, PEEK prostheses exhibit significant mechanical anisotropy, posing new challenges for the design of PEEK prostheses and for assessing their stability. Furthermore, PEEK materials themselves are highly biologically inert, making it difficult for surrounding bone tissue to effectively integrate and connect with PEEK materials, thereby affecting the long-term stability of PEEK prostheses and limiting their clinical applications.