Maize (Zea mays L.) is a globally significant cereal crop cultivated across a wide range of agro-climatic zones for food, feed, fodder, and industrial purposes. Maximizing its productivity and sustainability depends on effective agronomic management, including soil preparation, nutrient application, irrigation, weed control, and pest and disease management. Maize thrives in fertile, well-drained soils rich in organic matter, with a preferred pH range of 5.5–7.5. It is sensitive to soil compaction and waterlogging. Optimal growth occurs under warm temperatures (20–30 °C) with ample sunlight. Rainfed maize grows well in regions receiving 500–1300 mm annual rainfall, while irrigated systems allow cultivation in drier areas. Proper land preparation promotes uniform germination. Conservation tillage practices, such as minimum or no-tillage, enhance soil moisture retention and reduce erosion. Planting time varies by region, with mid-November to early December being optimal in much of South Asia, and spring sowing after the last frost in temperate climates. As a nutrient-demanding crop, maize requires balanced fertilization. Typical recommendations include 120–180 kg N, 60–80 kg P₂O₅, and 40–60 kg K₂O per hectare, depending on soil fertility. Nitrogen should be applied in three splits: at sowing, knee-high stage, and tasseling. Micronutrients like zinc and boron are also critical for kernel development and plant health. Water management is crucial, especially during sensitive stages such as germination, tasseling, and grain filling. In semi-arid areas, 5–7 irrigations may be needed. In rainfed systems, moisture conservation techniques like mulching and intercropping can improve water efficiency. Weeds significantly impact maize yields by competing for resources. Control strategies include pre- and post-emergence herbicides, supplemented by manual weeding. Major pests such as fall armyworm, stem borers, and cutworms can severely affect yields. Integrated Pest Management (IPM), involving resistant varieties, biological agents, and pheromone traps, is effective in reducing pest pressure. Harvesting should be done at physiological maturity when kernel moisture is around 30–35%, followed by drying to 12–14% for safe storage. Proper post-harvest handling minimizes losses from pests, fungi, and mycotoxins. Overall, adopting sound agronomic practices boosts maize yields, enhances profitability, and supports global food and feed security.