To achieve wide area observation of space debris, a large field of view and large relative aperture space detection system has been designed. The system adopts a quasi symmetric double Gaussian lens group optical structure, with a working spectral range of 500–900 nm, a field of view angle of 42°, an F-number of 1.5, an entrance pupil diameter of 77 mm, and no vignetting in the entire field of view. Considering the spatial radiation protection requirements of the system, there are no glued lenses in the entire system, and the first lens material is Silica. At the same time, the rear surface of the lens is aspheric, which can greatly reduce the size of the system’s radial energy distribution. The analysis results show that the diffuse spot is balanced across the entire field of view, with 80% of the radial energy distribution ranging from 16 μm to 18 microns and a maximum distortion of no more than 0.3%. The tolerance analysis results indicate that the optical components of the system are easy to process and adjust, and can be easily engineered to meet the application requirements of large field of view space debris detection.