The emergence of contemporary environmental issues has catalysed the development of innovative and eco-friendly water purification techniques. Biodegradable nanocomposites have the potential to be efficient materials for eliminating organic contaminants from water. The nanocomposites get rid of pollutants well and are good for the environment because they use the large surface area and reactivity of nanoparticles with biodegradable matrices. This study synthesizes, characterizes, and uses biodegradable nanocomposites to adsorb and degrade dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. We integrated biodegradable polymers like polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) with functionalized nanoparticles like titanium dioxide TiO2, GO and zinc oxide ZnO, and a hybrid material containing inorganic–organic to formulate the eco-friendly nanocomposites. Microparticles and a biodegradable matrix work together to make nanocomposites more stable, easier to spread. Nanocomposites undergo biodegradation, which results in the formation of non-toxic byproducts. Utilizing these biodegradable nanocomposites in extensive water treatment protocols presents a viable and environmentally friendly alternative to existing methodologies. This chapter will demonstrate that the utilization of biodegradable nanocomposites has the potential to effectively eliminate organic contaminants from water and the surrounding environment while adhering to environmentally sustainable practices. The subsequent phase involves enhancing fabrication techniques and scaling up production for industrial applications.