With growing inequalities in income, wealth, and resource accessibility, economic inequality continues to be one of the most urgent issues facing countries around the world. This chapter examines the causes, effects, and manifestations of economic inequality in diverse civilizations and populations, highlighting its complex character. The chapter explores the structural and systemic elements that sustain these gaps, ranging from the unequal distribution of wealth and income to the obstacles in healthcare, education, and career possibilities, using a range of case studies and statistical analyses. The chapter also emphasizes how political systems, social norms, and historical circumstances play a crucial role in determining economic outcomes. It focuses especially on how marginalized groups—like women, racial minorities, and low-income communities—experience and deal with economic inequality. The chapter also examines how economic inequality intersects with other types of social inequality, including racial and gender inequality, and the long-term effects of these differences on economic growth and social mobility. Apart from stressing the direct consequences of economic inequality, the chapter examines the possibility of legislative measures and international partnerships targeted at tackling and alleviating these inequalities in order to promote more just and sustainable societies.